Study designs of evaluations included in the review
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included.
Specific interventions included in the review
Non-pharmacological nursing interventions in the management of acute pain, which included: biofeedback and relaxation training, selected musical compositions, imagery skills, pain records, self-care education, coping strategies, personalised care, neck collar and hypnosis training.
Participants included in the review
[A: Adult patients with a mean age of 62.4 years. Most of the studies included post-operative patients.]
Outcomes assessed in the review
Pain intensity as measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS).
How were decisions on the relevance of primary studies made?
The author does not state how the papers were selected for the review, or how many of the reviewers performed the selection.