For the intradermal route there were 7 studies with 1,063 participants (five studies had a control group who were given vaccine via percutaneous routes).
For the conjunctival route there were 4 small studies with 63 participants.
For the oral administration route there were 3 studies with 85 participants.
For the intranasal administration route, in children predominantly over 9 months of age, there were 7 studies with 922 participants.
For the intranasal administration route, in infants younger than 9 months of age, there were 4 studies with 270 participants.
For the aerosol administration route, in children predominantly over 9 months of age, there were 15 studies with 2,167 participants.
For the aerosol administration route, in infants younger than 9 months of age, there were 9 studies with 850 participants.
In the intradermal group, the percentage of seroresponse ranged from 10-100%. Needles and syringes and jet injectors had higher seroresponses (53-100%) while bifurcated needles, multiple puncture cylinders and needle implanted cylinders had the lowest seroresponses (10-74%).
In the conjunctival group, one study (2 participants) had a 100% seroresponse rate; the other 3 studies had 79% (29 participants), 10% (22 participants), and 0% (10 participants) seroresponse percentages. In the oral route group, studies showed ineffective results of 0%, 10%, 47% and 76% seroresponse.
Studies of the intranasal administration route, in children predominantly over 9 months of age, showed over 80% seroresponse, but others within the group found less than 20% seroresponse, variation sometimes being manifest within the same study.
Studies of the intranasal administration route, in infants younger than 9 months of age, reported seroresponses of 74-100% in two studies, but seroresponses of 0-10% in two other studies.
Studies of the aerosol administration route, in children predominantly over 9 months of age, showed a seroresponse between 0- 100% compared with a seroresponse of 36-100% in control groups. High seroresponse rates were observed (93-100%) in four of the fifteen studies which directly sprayed into the mouth. A seroresponse rate of 86-100% was found in a further six trials which administered vaccine through a mask.
Studies of the aerosol administration route, in infants younger than 9 months of age, reported seroresponses of greater than 80% in seven of the nine studies at 3-6 months post-vaccination.