Study designs of evaluations included in the review
Randomised placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the review.
Specific interventions included in the review
Antibiotic prophylaxis (cefotaxime, piperacillin, cefonicid, cefuroxime, minocycline) versus placebo.
Only trials where oral or intravenous antibiotics were used were included. Trials in which patients received other antibiotics in addition to the prophylactic regime were excluded.
Participants included in the review
Adult patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Trials in which patients were diagnosed with sepsis or cholangitis prior to ECRP were excluded.
Outcomes assessed in the review
Assessed end points were the rate of occurrence of bacteremia, sepsis or cholangitis.
How were decisions on the relevance of primary studies made?
Two authors independently reviewed the studies for inclusion. If there was disagreement between the two reviewers, an assessment was made by a third investigator.