Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including trials based on random or quasi-random methods, that assessed the effects of music interventions, conducted pre-, intra- and/or peri-operatively in patients over 17 years were eligible for inclusion. Eligible studies were required to measure pain, anxiety and stress indications. Studies using live music or music used only in conjunction with other non-pharmacologic interventions were excluded from the review.
Included studies were of men and/or women undergoing various types of elective surgery. Most studies were conducted postoperatively. Mean ages ranged between 34 and 76 years. The music was soothing, mostly self-selected and played for varying durations. Interventions were compared with a control or other interventions. Most studies used headphones to provide music. Reported outcomes included anxiety, pain, vital signs and blood sample indicators and were measured using various different tools, including questionnaires and medication use.
The authors did not state how many reviewers screened studies for relevance.