The probabilities in the absence or presence of CPS were:
for no drug treatment, 0.610 both with and without CPS;
for initiation of drug treatment, 0.390 both with and without CPS;
for an optimal outcome, 0.420 without CPS and 0.600 with CPS;
for treatment failure, 0.260 without CPS and 0.170 with CPS;
for a new medical problem, 0.190 without CPS and 0.150 with CPS; and
for a combination outcome, 0.130 without CPS and 0.080 with CPS.
The probabilities of a treatment failure resulting in the following were:
for no treatment, 0.160 both with and without CPS;
for an additional health care encounter, 0.270 without CPS and 0.360 with CPS;
for additional medication, 0.270 without CPS and 0.250 with CPS;
for an emergency room visit, 0.070 without CPS and 0.050 with CPS;
for hospital admission, 0.070 without CPS and 0.040 with CPS;
for an allied health care professional visit, 0.050 without CPS and 0.040 with CPS;
for an additional laboratory or radiological procedure, 0.080 without CPS and 0.070 with CPS; and
for death, 0.030 both with and without CPS.
The probabilities of a new medical problem resulting in the following were:
for no treatment, 0.130 without CPS and 0.110 with CPS;
for an additional health care encounter, 0.320 without CPS and 0.390 with CPS;
for additional medication, 0.230 both with and without CPS;
for an emergency room visit, 0.070 without CPS and 0.050 with CPS;
for hospital admission, 0.070 without CPS and 0.040 with CPS;
for an allied health care professional visit, 0.050 both with and without CPS;
for an additional laboratory or radiological procedure, 0.100 without CPS and 0.110 with CPS; and
for death, 0.030 without CPS and 0.020 with CPS.
The probabilities of a combination outcome resulting in the following were:
for no treatment, 0.110 without CPS and 0.100 with CPS;
for an additional health care encounter, 0.330 without CPS and 0.360 with CPS;
for additional medication, 0.230 without CPS and 0.240 with CPS;
for an emergency room visit, 0.090 without CPS and 0.080 with CPS;
for hospital admission, 0.100 without CPS and 0.070 with CPS;
for an allied health care professional visit, 0.030 both with and without CPS;
for an additional laboratory or radiological procedure, 0.070 without CPS and 0.080 with CPS; and
for death, 0.040 both with and without CPS.
The panel of experts estimated that, without CPS, only 42.3% (mean value) of the nursing home residents who received drug therapy would have an optimal therapeutic outcome (in the absence of drug-related problems). However, the panel also estimated that 60.4% (mean value) of the nursing home residents would achieve an optimal outcome when consultant pharmacists provided a retrospective review.