Twelve studies were included in the review (n=1,385).
Seven studies reported that body weight decreased significantly more in the intervention group compared to the control group. In two studies, weight increased at the end of the intervention period. Effect sizes were greatest in two studies that combined diet with aerobic training. There were significantly lower weight gains at follow-up of up to two years in studies that included moderately intense aerobic training and emphasised increased individual daily activity. Three studies reported no significant differences between intervention groups at follow-up.
Three studies provided information on changes in body composition. Two studies reported a significant decrease in fat-free mass in groups that combined diet, aerobic training and behaviour therapy. The third study reported a significant decrease in the ratio of waist and hip circumference among those randomised to resistance training compared to those in the walking group.
Six studies assessed training effect measured by maximum oxygen uptake capacity (VO2 max). Four studies reported positive effects for all training groups. One study reported no changes in any intervention groups. Results for the remaining study were not reported.