Thirty-five studies including 23 randomised controlled trials, (RCTs) were included.
Overall there were 23 behavioural interventions, 8 cognitive interventions, 5 sociological interventions, and 13 interventions that combined behavioural and cognitive approaches. Most studies were RCTs in university settings (23 studies).
Behavioural interventions (included a reminder or office system prompts):
Provider targeted with usual care control (7 studies with 3559 participants including 6 RCTs): interventions increased mammography. Q = 16.5. Effect size = 13.2 (95% CI: 7.8, 18.4).
Provider targeted with active control (7 studies with 25545 participants including 6 RCTs with 9811 participants): interventions increased mammography. Q = 17.4. Effect size = 6.8 (95% CI: 4.8, 8.7).
Provider and patient interventions with usual care controls (2 studies with 213 participants): interventions increased mammography. Q = 0.0. Effect size = 20.5 (95% CI: 9.7, 31.3).
Provider and patient interventions with active controls (4 RCT with 6434 participants): interventions increased mammography. Q = 17.3. Effect size = 8.9 (95% CI: 3.1, 14.6). Cognitive interventions:
Provider targeted with usual care control (4 studies with at least 2013 participants, including 2 RCTs): interventions increased mammography. Q = 4.3. Effect size = 18.6 (95% CI: 12.8, 24.4).
Provider and patient interventions with usual care controls (1 RCT with 432 participants): interventions increased mammography. Effect size = 16 (95% CI: 7.3, 24.7).
Community targeted with active controls (3 studies with at least 4437 participants, including 1 RCT): interventions increased mammography. Q = 7.8. Effect size = 9.6 (95% CI: 3.4, 15.8).
Sociological interventions:
Provider targeted with usual care control (2 studies with 4932 participants): inconsistent results.
Provider targeted with active control (3 studies with at least 1208 participants, including 1 RCT): interventions increased mammography. Q = 3.0. Effect size = 13.1 (95% CI: 6.8, 19.3).
Interventions with combined modalities:
Provider targeted with usual care control (4 studies with at least 1198 participants): interventions increased mammography. Q = 9.8. Effect size = 21 (95% CI: 8.8, 33.6).
Provider and patient targeted interventions with usual care controls (4 studies with 2994 participants): inconsistent results.
Provider and patient targeted interventions with active controls (2 studies with 2392 participants): interventions increased mammography. Q = 9.1. Effect size = 16.1 (95% CI: 11.6, 20.7).
Community targeted with usual care controls (3 studies with at least 4437 participants): interventions were not associated with increased mammography. Q = 7.7. Effect size = 1.1 (95% CI: -6.8, -9.0).