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Ideally the title should state succinctly the interventions or exposures being reviewed and the associated health or social problems. Where appropriate, the title should use the PI(E)COS structure to contain information on the Participants, Intervention (or Exposure) and Comparison groups, the Outcomes to be measured and Study designs to be included.
Acronyms may be included in titles but should not be used alone without expansion unless they are regarded as more usual than the expansion (e.g. HIV).
The title in this field must be in English. If the original title is in a different language the English version must be entered here, with the non-English version entered into the field labelled “Original Language Title”.
If the final title of the review differs, this can be displayed in the Publication of Final Report Field.
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Tick the boxes to show which review tasks have been started and which have been completed.
Update this field each time any amendments are made to a published record.
Reviews that have started data extraction (at the time of initial submission) are not eligible for inclusion in PROSPERO.
If there is later evidence that incorrect status and/or completion date has been supplied, the published PROSPERO record will be marked as retracted.
This field uses answers to initial screening questions. It cannot be edited until after registration.
Give the working title of the review, for example the one used for obtaining funding. Ideally the title should state succinctly the interventions or exposures being reviewed and the associated health or social problems. Where appropriate, the title should use the PI(E)COS structure to contain information on the Participants, Intervention (or Exposure) and Comparison groups, the Outcomes to be measured and Study designs to be included.
Acronyms may be included in titles, but should not be used alone without expansion unless they are regarded as more usual than the expansion (e.g. HIV).
The title in this field must be in English. If the original title is in a different language the English version must be entered here, with the non-English version entered into the field labelled “Original Language Title”.
If the final title of the review differs, this can be displayed in the Publication of Final Report Field.
Example: Systematic review and meta-analysis of recurrence and survival following pre- versus post-operative radiation in localized, resectable soft-tissue sarcoma.
For reviews in languages other than English, this field should be used to enter the title in the language of the review. This will be displayed together with the English language title.
Example: Revisión sistemática y meta-análisis de la recurrencia y la supervivencia tras la fase de radiación en comparación con post-operatorio en el sarcoma localizados resecables de tejido blando.
Give the date when the systematic review commenced, or is expected to commence.
For the purposes of PROSPERO, the date of commencement for the systematic review can be defined as any point after completion of a protocol but before formal screening of the identified studies against the eligibility criteria begins.
A protocol can be deemed complete when it is approved by a funder or the person commissioning the review; when peer review is complete; when the protocol is published or when the authors decide that it is complete and they do not anticipate any major revisions to the design of the systematic review.
This field may be edited at any time. All edits to published records will appear in the record audit trail. A brief explanation of the reason for changes should be given in the Revision Notes facility.
Example: 01 June 2011
Give the date by which the review is expected to be completed. In the absence of an agreed contractual date, a realistic anticipated date for completion should be set. It can be modified should the schedule change. When this date is reached, the named contact will receive an automated email to ask them to provide an update on progress.
This field may be edited at any time. All edits will appear in the record audit trail. A brief explanation of the reason for changes should be given in the Revision Notes facility.
Example: 01 June 2011
Indicate the stage of progress of the review by ticking the relevant Started and Completed boxes. Additional information may be added in the free text box provided.
Please note: Reviews that have progressed beyond the point of completing data extraction at the time of initial registration are not eligible for inclusion in PROSPERO. Should evidence of incorrect status and/or completion date being supplied at the time of submission come to light, the content of the PROSPERO record will be removed leaving only the title and named contact details and a statement that inaccuracies in the stage of the review date had been identified.
This field should be updated when any amendments are made to a published record and on completion and publication of the review.
Example: Preliminary searches ticked as completed, pilot of the study selection process ticked as started.
The named contact acts as the guarantor for the accuracy of the information presented in the register record. This should be the lead reviewer or a representative of the review team. This person is also responsible for submitting details of any amendments while the review is ongoing and publication details after the review is completed. The named contact is the person to whom users of PROSPERO would send questions or comments.
This field is automatically populated from the named contact’s signing in details. The named contact’s name will be displayed in the public record.
Example: Dr Joseph Bloggs
N.B. To change the named contact for a published record, send details of the existing and new contact to crd-register@york.ac.uk
Give the electronic mail address of the named contact. This may be a generic email address to which the named contact has access.
This field is automatically populated from the named contact’s joining details, but can be changed if required. The email address supplied here will be displayed in the public record.
Examples: joseph.bloggs@city.ac.uk or research.secretary@city.ac.uk
Give the full postal address for the named contact. (N.B. This field is automatically populated from the named contact’s joining details.)
This address will be displayed in the public record. If you do not wish it to appear in the public record delete the content of this field.
Example: Alcuin B Block,University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
Give the telephone number for the named contact, including international dialling code.
(N.B. This field is automatically populated from the named contact’s joining details.)
This number will be displayed in the public record. If you do not wish it to appear in the public record delete the content of this field.
Example: +44 (0)10904 321040
Full title of the organisational affiliations for this review and website address if available. This field may be completed as ‘None’ if the review is not affiliated to any organisation.
Example: Andalusian Agency for Health Technology Assessment (AETSA)
Give the personal details and the organisational affiliations of each member of the review team. Affiliation refers to groups or organisations to which review team members belong. NOTE: email and country are now mandatory fields for each person.. Affiliation refers to groups or organisations to which review team members belong.
Review team members will be listed ‘manuscript’ style in the order entered in this list. The named contact will be automatically added to this field, but can be deleted if not a member of the review team. To place the named contact somewhere other than first in order, delete the automatic entry and enter members’ details in the required order.
Membership of the review team and details of affiliations can be updated at any time.
All edits will appear in the record audit trail.
Example: Mr Joseph Bloggs, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, UK. Dr Jane Smith, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK. Prof. Steven Jones, Centre for Health Statistics, Medical Research Centre, Canada.
Give details of the individuals, organizations, groups or other legal entities who take responsibility for initiating, managing, sponsoring and/or financing the review. Include any unique identification numbers assigned to the review by the individuals or bodies listed.
Examples: NIHR HTA Programme (Project ref 09/13/02). The Terry Fox New Frontiers Program in Cancer (Ref 201006TFL). Funding provided by Amgen, Merck, Roche, and Sanofi-aventis.
List any conditions that could lead to actual or perceived undue influence on judgements concerning the main topic investigated in the review. The conflicts of interest listed should cover the review team as a whole, as well as individuals in the team.
Conflicts of interest arise when a team member or the team as a whole (e.g. because of the team’s institution) has financial or personal relationships that may inappropriately influence (bias) their actions (such relationships are also known as dual commitments, competing interests, or competing loyalties).These relationships vary from being negligible to having great potential for influencing judgement. Not all relationships represent true conflict of interest.
On the other hand, the potential for conflict of interest can exist regardless of whether a person believes that the relationship affects his or her scientific judgement. Financial relationships (such as employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, and paid expert testimony) are the most easily identifiable conflicts of interest and the most likely to undermine the credibility of the review.
However, conflicts can occur for other reasons, such as personal relationships, academic competition, and intellectual passion. For the purposes of disclosure, the term “competing interest” should be considered synonymous with conflict of interest.1
Example: The lead reviewer (JB) has given talks on this topic at workshops, seminars, and conferences for which travel and accommodation has been paid for by the organisers. The other authors declare that they have no known conflicts of interest.
Give the name and affiliation of any individuals or organisations who are working on the review but who are not listed as review team members. NOTE: email and country are now mandatory fields for each person.
Example: Dr Eric Porter, Oncologist, University Hospital, Brighton, UK. Clinical advisor.
State the question(s) to be addressed by the review, clearly and precisely. Review questions may be specific or broad. It may be appropriate to break very broad questions down into a series of related more specific questions. Questions may be framed or refined using PI(E)COS where relevant.
Example: How does pre-operative chemotherapy impact on survival of early stage non-small cell lung cancer compared to surgery alone?
State the sources that will be searched. Give the search dates, and any restrictions (e.g. language or publication period). Do NOT enter the full search strategy (it may be provided as a link or attachment.)
The search strategy reported in systematic review protocols should:
Sources include (but are not limited to) bibliographic databases, reference lists of eligible studies and review articles, key journals, conference proceedings, trials registers, Internet resources and contact with study investigators, experts and manufacturers.
Systematic reviews typically use more than one database. Examples of electronic bibliographic databases include MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO. Other database sources include The Cochrane Library, Health Technology Assessment Database, and Web of Science.
It is considered good practice for searches to be re-run just before the final analyses and any further studies identified, retrieved for inclusion.
Give a link to the search strategy or an example of a search strategy for a specific database if available (including the keywords that will be used in the search strategies).
Alternatively, an electronic file could be supplied which will be linked to from the Register record. This will be made publicly available from the published record immediately, or it can be held in confidence until the review has been completed, at which time it will be made publicly available.
Give a short description of the disease, condition or healthcare domain being studied. This could include health and wellbeing outcomes.
Examples: Type 2 diabetes. Physical activity in children.
Give summary criteria for the participants or populations being studied by the review. The preferred format includes details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Example:
Inclusion: Adults with schizophrenia (as diagnosed using any recognised diagnostic criteria).
Exclusion: Adolescents (under 18 years of age) and elderly people (over 70).
Give full and clear descriptions or definitions of the nature of the interventions or the exposures to be reviewed. This is particularly important for reviews of complex interventions (interventions involving the interaction of several elements). If appropriate, an operational definition describing the content and delivery of the intervention should be given.
Ideally, an intervention should be reported in enough detail that others could reproduce it or assess its applicability to their own setting. The preferred format includes details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.
For reviews of qualitative studies give details of the focus of the review.
Example: Population-level tobacco control interventions are defined as those applied to populations, groups, areas, jurisdictions or institutions with the aim of changing the social, physical, economic or legislative environment to make them less conducive to smoking. These are approaches that mainly rely on state or institutional control, either of a link in the supply chain or of smokers' behaviour in the presence of others.
Examples include tobacco crop substitution or diversification, removing subsidies on tobacco production, restricting trade in tobacco products, measures to prevent smuggling, measures to reduce illicit cross-border shopping, restricting advertising of tobacco products, restrictions on selling tobacco products to minors, mandatory health warning labels on tobacco products, increasing the price of tobacco products, restricting access to cigarette vending machines, restricting smoking in the workplace, and restricting smoking in public places. Such approaches could also form part of wider, multifaceted interventions in schools, workplaces or communities.3
Where relevant, give details of the alternatives against which the main subject/topic of the review will be compared (e.g. another intervention or a non-exposed control group). The preferred format includes details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Control or comparison interventions should be described in as much detail as the intervention being reviewed. If the comparator is ‘treatment as usual’ or ‘standard care’, this should be described, with attention being paid to whether it is ‘standard care’ at the time that an eligible study was done, or at the time the review is done.
Systematic reviews of qualitative studies rarely have a comparator or control; stating ‘Not applicable’ is therefore acceptable.
Examples: Placebo. A group of hospital in-patients who were not exposed to the infectious agent.
Give details of the types of study (study designs) eligible for inclusion in the review. If there are no restrictions on the types of study design eligible for inclusion, or certain study types are excluded, this should be stated. The preferred format includes details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.
If different study designs are needed for different parts of the review, this should be made clear. Where qualitative evidence will be incorporated in or alongside a review of quantitative data, this should be stated.
Example: We will include randomised trials to assess the beneficial effects of the treatments, and will supplement these with observational studies (including cohort and case–control studies) for the assessment of harms.
Give summary details of the setting and other relevant characteristics which help define the inclusion or exclusion criteria.
Include relevant details if these form part of the review’s eligibility criteria but are not reported elsewhere in the PROSPERO record.
Examples: Studies in hospital accident and emergency departments. Research in low- and middle-income countries only will be included.
Give the pre-specified primary (most important) outcomes of the review, including details of how the outcome is defined and measured and when these measurement are made, if these are part of the review inclusion criteria.
For systematic reviews of qualitative studies give details of what the review aims to achieve.
Examples:Change in depression score from baseline to the last available follow-up, measured using the Beck Depression Inventory. Five year progression-free survival (measured from randomisation). Establishing the barriers and facilitators to smoking cessation in pregnancy.
List the pre-specified secondary (additional) outcomes of the review, with a similar level of detail to that required for primary outcomes. Where there are no secondary outcomes please state ‘None’ or ‘Not applicable’ as appropriate to the review
Example: Apgar scores for the baby at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.
Describe how studies will be selected for inclusion. State what data will be extracted or obtained. State how this will be done and recorded.
Data extraction methods reported in systematic review protocols should include:
Study selection
Data extraction
Describe the method of assessing risk of bias or quality assessment. State which characteristics of the studies will be assessed and any formal risk of bias tools that will be used.
Methods for assessing risk of bias reported in systematic review protocols should include:
Provide details of the planned synthesis including a rationale for the methods selected. This must not be generic text but should be specific to your review and describe how the proposed analysis will be applied to your data.
Data synthesis methods reported in systematic review protocols should be specific about how they apply to the review and data in question and include:
State any planned investigation of ‘subgroups’. Be clear and specific about which type of study or participant will be included in each group or covariate investigated. State the planned analytic approach.
Planned ‘subgroup’ analysis or investigation of potential effect modifiers in reported in systematic review protocols should include:
Select the type of review and the review method from the lists below. Select the health area(s) of interest for your review.
N.B. The information required here relates to the topic and outcome of the systematic review rather than the methods to be used. It is used to facilitate accurate searching of the database.
Select each country individually to add it to the list below, use the bin icon to remove any added in error.
The entry will default to English if no other selection is made. For languages other than English, registrants are asked to indicate whether a summary or abstract will be made available in English.
Example: English, French.
Select the country in which the review is being carried out from the drop down list. For multi-national collaborations select all the countries involved.
Example: England, Canada.
Give the name of any organisation where the systematic review title or protocol is registered (such as with The Campbell Collaboration, or The Joanna Briggs Institute) together with any unique identification number assigned. (N.B. Registration details for Cochrane protocols will be automatically entered). If extracted data will be stored and made available through a repository such as the Systematic Review Data Repository (SRDR), details and a link should be included here. If none, leave blank.
Example: The title for this review and the review protocol are recorded in the Campbell Library as Project 27
Give the citation and link for the published protocol, if there is one. This may be to an external site such as a journal or organisational website. Alternatively an unpublished protocol may be deposited with CRD in pdf format. A link to this will be automatically added.
Example: Free C, Phillips G, Felix L, Galli L, Patel V, Edwards P. The effectiveness of M-health technologies for improving health and health services: a systematic review protocol. BMC Research Notes 2010, 3:250 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-250
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/3/250.
Give brief details of plans for communicating essential messages from the review to the appropriate audiences. Any knowledge transfer or implementation activities beyond publication of the final report that are planned should be included.
Example: In addition to producing a report for the funders of this review, which will be made available free of charge on their website, a paper will be submitted to a leading journal in this field. Furthermore, should the findings of the review warrant a change in practice, a one page summary report will be prepared and sent to lead clinicians and healthcare professionals in the National Health Service.
Give words or phrases that best describe the review. Keywords will help users find the review in the Register (the words do not appear in the public record but are included in searches). Be as specific and precise as possible. Avoid acronyms and abbreviations unless these are in wide use.
The addition of keywords is particularly important for non-effectiveness reviews. These records are likely to contain fewer relevant terms in other fields such as comparators and outcomes.
Information specialists at the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) will assign MeSH terms, which will appear in the public record.
Example: Systematic review; meta-analysis; recurrence; survival; radiation; resectable; soft-tissue; sarcoma.
Give details of earlier versions of the systematic review if an update of an existing review is being registered, including full bibliographic reference if possible.
Example: This review is an update of our earlier systematic review and economic model and is being undertaken in the light of the publication of significant new research which will assist in developing our model. The citation for the existing review is Fayter D, Nixon J, Hartley S, Rithalia A, Butler G, Rudolf M, Glasziou P, Bland M, Stirk L, Westwood M. A systematic review of the routine monitoring of growth in children of primary school age to identify growth-related conditions. Health Technol Assess. 2007;11(22):1-87.
Review status should be updated when the review is completed and when it is published.
Select from the list below to indicate the current status of the review.
Use the free text box to provide an explanation of the status of the review.
Example: Discontinued: This review has been abandoned as we have been unable to secure adequate funding to proceed.
Provide any other information the review team feel is relevant to the registration of the review.
Example: This review is being undertaken as part of the planning for a randomised trial to compare all different types of radiotherapy for localised, resectable soft-tissue sarcoma.
This field should be left empty until details of the completed review are available OR you have a link to a preprint.
Give the full citation for the preprint or final report or publication of the systematic review, including the URL where available.
This field may also be used to record the availability of an un-published final report, summary results etc.
Example: Toulis KA, Goulis DG, Venetis CA, Kolibianakis EM, Negro R, Tarlatzis BC, Papadimas I. Risk of spontaneous miscarriage in euthyroid women with thyroid autoimmunity undergoing IVF: a meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010 Apr;162(4):643- 52. Epub 2009 Dec 2. http://eje-online.org/cgi/content/full/162/4/643
Indicate the stage of progress of the review by ticking the relevant Started and Completed boxes. Additional information may be added in the free text box provided.
Please note: Reviews that have progressed beyond the point of completing data extraction at the time of initial registration are not eligible for inclusion in PROSPERO. Should evidence of incorrect status and/or completion date being supplied at the time of submission come to light, the content of the PROSPERO record will be removed leaving only the title and named contact details and a statement that inaccuracies in the stage of the review date had been identified.
This field should be updated when any amendments are made to a published record and on completion and publication of the review.
Give the working title of the review. This must be in English. The title should have the interventions or exposures being reviewed and the associated health or social problems.
Where appropriate, the title should use the PI(E)CO structure to contain information on the Population, Intervention (or Exposure) and Comparison groups, and the Outcomes to be measured. Acronyms may be included in titles, but should not be used alone without expansion unless they are regarded as more usual than the expansion (e.g. HIV). If the original title is in a different language, the English version must be entered here, with the non-English version entered into Field #2 (Original language title). If the final title of the (published) review differs from the one entered here, this can be recorded in Field #40 (Details of the final report/publication(s)).
Example: Efficacy of ischemic postconditioning against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in animal models, a systematic review and meta-analysis.
For reviews in languages other than English, this field should be used to enter the title in the language of the review. This will be displayed together with the English language title.
Give the date when the systematic review commenced, or is expected to commence.
For the purposes of PROSPERO, the date of commencement for the systematic review can be defined as any point after completion of a protocol, but before formal screening of the identified studies against the eligibility criteria begins. A protocol can be deemed complete when it is approved by a funder or the person commissioning the review, when peer review is complete, when the protocol is published, or when the authors decide that it is complete and they do not anticipate any major revisions to the design of the systematic review.
This field may be edited at any time. All edits to published records will appear in the record audit trail. A brief explanation of the reason for changes should be given in the Revision Notes facility.
Give the date by which the review is expected to be completed.
In the absence of an agreed contractual date, a realistic anticipated date for completion should be set. It can be modified should the schedule change. When this date is reached, the named contact will receive an automated email to ask them to provide an update on progress.
This field may be edited at any time. All edits will appear in the record audit trail. A brief explanation of the reason for changes should be given in the Revision Notes facility.
Indicate the stage of progress of the review by ticking the relevant Started and Completed boxes. Additional information may be added in the free text box provided.
Please note: Reviews that have progressed beyond the point of completing data extraction at the time of initial registration are not eligible for inclusion in PROSPERO. Should evidence of incorrect status and/or completion date being supplied at the time of submission come to light, the content of the PROSPERO record will be removed leaving only the title and named contact details and a statement that inaccuracies in the stage of the review date had been identified.
This field should be updated when any amendments are made to a published record and on completion and publication of the review.
Example: “Preliminary searches” ticked as completed, “Piloting of the study selection process” ticked as started.
The named contact acts as the guarantor for the accuracy of the information presented in the register record.
This should be the lead reviewer or a representative of the review team. This person is also responsible for submitting details of any amendments while the review is ongoing and publication details after the review is completed. The named contact is the person to whom users of PROSPERO would send questions or comments. This field is automatically populated from the named contact’s signing in details. The named contact will be displayed in the public record.
Example: Dr Joseph Bloggs
Enter the electronic mail address of the named contact.
This may be a generic email address to which the named contact has access.
This field is automatically populated from the named contact’s signing in details, but can be changed if required. The email address supplied here will be displayed in the public record.
Examples: joseph.bloggs@city.ac.uk; research.secretary@city.ac.uk
Enter the full postal address for the named contact.
This field is automatically populated from the named contact’s signing in details.
This address will be displayed in the public record. If you do not wish it to appear in the public record delete the content of this field.
Example: Alcuin B Block, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
Enter the telephone number for the named contact, including international dialling code.
This field is automatically populated from the named contact’s signing in details. This number will be displayed in the public record. If you do not wish it to appear in the public record delete the content of this field.
Example: +44 (0)10904 32104
Full title of the organisational affiliations for this review and website address if available. This field may be completed as ‘none’ if the review is not affiliated to any organisation.
Example: Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc)
Give the personal details and the organisational affiliations of each member of the review team. NOTE: email and country are now mandatory fields for each person..
Affiliation refers to groups or organisations to which review team members belong. The named contact will be automatically added to this field, but can be deleted if not a member of the review team. To place the named contact somewhere other than first in order, delete the automatic entry and enter members’ details in the required order. Membership of the review team and details of affiliations can be updated at any time. All edits will appear in the record audit trail.
Examples: Mr Joseph Bloggs, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, UK. Dr Jane Smith, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK. Prof. Steven Jones, Centre for Health Statistics, Medical Research Centre, Canada.
Give details of the individuals, organisations, groups or other legal entities who take responsibility for initiating, managing, sponsoring and/or financing the review. Any unique identification numbers assigned to the review by the individuals or bodies listed should be included.
Examples: NIHR HTA Programme (Project ref 09/13/02). The Terry Fox New Frontiers Program in Cancer (Ref 201006TFL). Funding provided by Amgen, Merck, Roche, and Sanofi-aventis.
List any conditions that could lead to actual or perceived undue influence on judgements concerning the main topic investigated in the review.
The conflicts of interest listed should cover the review team as a whole, as well as individuals in the team. Conflicts of interest arise when a team member or the team as a whole (e.g. because of the team’s institution) has financial or personal relationships that may inappropriately influence (bias) their actions (such relationships are also known as dual commitments, competing interests, or competing loyalties). These relationships vary from being negligible to having great potential for influencing judgement. Not all relationships represent true conflict of interest. On the other hand, the potential for conflict of interest can exist regardless of whether a person believes that the relationship affects his or her scientific judgement. Financial relationships (such as employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, and paid expert testimony) are the most easily identifiable conflicts of interest and the most likely to undermine the credibility of the review. However, conflicts can occur for other reasons, such as personal relationships, academic competition, and intellectual passion. For the purposes of disclosure, the term “competing interest” should be considered synonymous with conflict of interest.
Example: The lead reviewer (JB) has given talks on this topic at workshops, seminars, and conferences for which travel and accommodation has been paid for by the organisers. The other authors declare that they have no known conflicts of interest.
Give the name, affiliation and role of any individuals or organisations who are working on the review but who are not listed as review team members.
Example: Dr Eric Porter, Oncologist, University Hospital, Brighton, UK. Clinical advisor.
Give details of the question to be addressed by the review, clearly and precisely. This should be clearly and precisely defined, but may be specific or broad. The question may be framed or refined using PI(E)COS where relevant. Further guidance is available in e.g. the step by step search guide.
Example: Does analgesic treatment reduce the number or incidence of metastasis in animal cancer models?
Give details of the sources to be searched, and any restrictions (e.g. language or publication period). The full search strategy is not required, but may be supplied as a link or attachment.
A step by step search guide, as well as animal search filters for Pubmed and EMBASE, are available to facilitate the search process. List all sources that will be used to identify studies for the review. Sources include (but are not limited to) bibliographic databases, reference lists of eligible studies and review articles, key journals, trials registers, conference proceedings, internet resources and contact with experts and manufacturers.
Example: We will search the following electronic bibliographic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science. The full search strategy (see pdf) is based on the search components “animal” (using Pubmed and EMBASE search filters [ref, ref]), “laparoscopic surgery” and “renal function”. No publication date or language restrictions will be applied. We will screen the reference lists of included studies for additional eligible studies not retrieved by our search. The searches will be re-run just before the final analyses to retrieve the most recent studies eligible for inclusion.
Give a link to the search strategy or an example of a search strategy for a specific database if available (including the keywords that will be used in the search strategies).
Alternatively, an electronic file could be supplied which will be linked to from the Register record. This will be made publicly available from the published record immediately, or it can be held in confidence until the review has been completed, at which time it will be made publicly available.
Example: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/3/250
Give a short description of the disease, condition or healthcare domain being modelled.
This could include health and wellbeing outcomes.
Example: Type 2 diabetes; Myocardial infarction; Physical activity in the elderly.
Give summary criteria for the animals being studied by the review, e.g. species, sex, details of disease model. Please include details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Example: Inclusion criteria: all animal models with experimental cancer in which metastasis can develop (all species, all sexes). Exclusion criteria: animals with co-morbidities; ex vivo, in vitro and in silico models; experimental cancer without metastasis
Give full and clear descriptions of the nature of the interventions or the exposures to be reviewed (e.g. dosage, timing, frequency). Please include details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.
For reviews of pre-clinical animal studies, the intervention would be e.g. treatment with a drug, or a therapeutic intervention such as exercise. For reviews of animal exposure studies, e.g. in toxicology, the intervention would be exposure to a certain compound. For reviews aiming to provide an overview of animal models for a certain health problem or disease, this would be the intervention(s) used to induce the disease model (e.g. high-fat diet to induce obesity, or transverse aortic constriction to induce heart failure). See also Field #30 for additional information on review types.
Example: Inclusion criteria: analgesic treatment with compounds registered for use in clinical practice, including pre-treatment of tumor cells with analgesics before injection. All timings, frequencies and dosages of treatment are eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria: treatment with analgesics not registered for use in clinical practice.
Where relevant, give details of the type(s) of control interventions against which the experimental condition(s) will be compared (e.g. another intervention or a non-exposed control group). Please include details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Control or comparison interventions should be described in as much detail as the intervention being reviewed. A “control group” may refer to vehicle-treated animals, sham-treated animals, animals undergoing no treatment at all, baseline measurements, etc. Indicate which of these control conditions are eligible for inclusion.
If the review aims to provide an overview of available animal models for a certain health problem / disease (animal model review, see Field #30), the comparator would generally be a healthy, naive animal”.
Example: Inclusion criteria: vehicle-treated control animals. Exclusion criteria: all other control conditions (e.g. no treatment, saline-treated if vehicle is not saline).
Give details of the types of study (study designs) eligible for inclusion in the review. If there are no restrictions on the types of study design eligible for inclusion, or certain study types are excluded, this should be stated. Please include details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Example: Inclusion criteria: controlled studies with a separate control group. Exclusion criteria: case studies, cross-over studies, studies without a separate control group.
Give details of any other inclusion and exclusion criteria (e.g. publication date or language restrictions).
Examples: Inclusion criteria: all languages, all publication dates. Exclusion criteria: none.
Give details of the outcome measures to be considered for inclusion in the review. Please include details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Example: Inclusion criteria: tumor number and/or tumor incidence reported. Exclusion criteria: no relevant outcomes reported (e.g. tumor weight only).
This question does not apply to systematic reviews of animal studies for human health submissions
Give the procedure for selecting studies for the review and extracting data, including the number of researchers involved and how discrepancies will be resolved. List the data to be extracted.
Other relevant details could include whether study selection and/or data extraction will be blinded (researchers unaware of author/journal details) and whether and how authors of eligible studies will be contacted to provide missing or additional data.
For reviews of individual participant data, this field should include the data to be sought and how this will be collected.
A description of any other manipulation or transformation of the extracted data that is planned may be included.
Example: Titles and/or abstracts of studies retrieved using the search strategy and those from additional sources will be screened independently by two review authors to identify studies that potentially meet the inclusion criteria outlined above. The full text of these potentially eligible studies will be retrieved and independently assessed for eligibility by two review team members. Any disagreement between them over the eligibility of particular studies will be resolved through discussion with a third reviewer.
A standardised, pre-piloted form will be used to extract data from the included studies for assessment of study quality and evidence synthesis. Extracted information will include: study setting; study population and participant demographics and baseline characteristics; details of the intervention and control conditions; study methodology; recruitment and study completion rates; outcomes and times of measurement; indicators of acceptability to users; suggested mechanisms of intervention action; information for assessment of the risk of bias. Two review authors will extract data independently, discrepancies will be identified and resolved through discussion (with a third author where necessary). Missing data will be requested from study authors.
Example for IPD: Those responsible for the included studies will be asked to supply line by line individual participant data comprising: de-identified patient reference; allocated treatment, date of randomisation; date of birth, gender, tumour stage, tumour histology, survival status, date of last follow up or death.
State whether and how risk of bias and/or study quality will be assessed. Assessment tools specific for pre-clinical animal studies include SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool and the CAMARADES checklist for study quality.
SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool is used to perform an assessment of internal validity, addressing selection, performance, detection, attrition, and other types of bias. The CAMARADES checklist is used to perform a combined assessment of the reporting of a number of measures to reduce bias, and several indicators of external validity and study quality. Both tools may be adapted by adding or removing items. If this is planned, specify which adaptations have been made. “No risk of bias and/or quality assessment planned” is acceptable only if the aim of the review is limited to providing an overview of available animal models, without presenting any outcome data.
Give the planned general approach to synthesis, e.g. whether aggregate or individual participant data will be used and whether a quantitative or narrative (descriptive) synthesis is planned. It is acceptable to state that a quantitative synthesis will be used if the included studies are sufficiently homogenous.
Where appropriate, the planned analytical approaches (e.g. Bayesian or frequentist (classical), fixed or random effects; categorising studies within a narrative synthesis) should be outlined. Whether and how statistical heterogeneity will be explored and how any observed heterogeneity will impact on or modify the planned approach to analysis should be stated, along with any planned sensitivity analyses.
Example: We will provide a narrative synthesis of the findings from the included studies, structured around the type of intervention, target population characteristics, type of outcome and intervention content. We will provide summaries of intervention effects for each study by calculating risk ratios (for dichotomous outcomes) or standardised mean differences (for continuous outcomes).
We anticipate that there will be limited scope for meta-analysis because of the range of different outcomes measured across the small number of existing trials. However, where studies have used the same type of intervention and comparator, with the same outcome measure, we will pool the results using a random-effects meta-analysis, with standardised mean differences for continuous outcomes and risk ratios for binary outcomes, and calculate 95% confidence intervals and two sided P values for each outcome. In studies where the effects of clustering have not been taken into account, we will adjust the standard deviations for the design effect. Heterogeneity between the studies in effect measures will be assessed using both the χ2 test and the I2 statistic. We will consider an I2 value greater than 50% indicative of substantial heterogeneity. We will conduct sensitivity analyses based on study quality. We will use stratified meta-analyses to explore heterogeneity in effect estimates according to: study quality; study populations; the logistics of intervention provision; and intervention content. We will also assess evidence of publication bias.
Example for IPD: Individual data from all randomised participants will be included in the analyses, which will be performed on an intention to treat basis. A two-stage approach to synthesis will be used. For time to event outcomes, the individual times to event will be used in the stratified (by trial) logrank test to produce hazard ratio estimates of the effect of treatment for individual trials. These hazard ratios will then be combined across studies using a fixed effect model to give combined hazard ratios. For dichotomous outcomes, the number of events and the number of patients will be used to calculate Peto odds ratio estimates of treatment effect. These will be generated for individual trials and then combined across trials using a fixed effect model. For all outcomes, trial results will also be combined using a random effects model to test robustness to model choice.
Give details of any plans for the separate presentation, exploration or analysis of different types of participants (e.g. by age, disease status, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, presence or absence or co-morbidities); different types of intervention (e.g. drug dose, presence or absence of particular components of intervention); different settings (e.g. country, acute or primary care sector, professional or family care); or different types of study (e.g. randomised or non-randomised).
The approach to be taken should be stated, e.g. whether subgroup analyses, meta-regression or modelling of covariates is planned and, where appropriate, details of categorisation (e.g. BMI <25, 25-30,>30) should be given. Where it is not possible or appropriate to specify subgroups or subsets in advance, for example in a qualitative synthesis, please make a statement to this effect.
Example: If the necessary data are available, subgroup analyses will be done for people with stage I and stage II disease separately. Within each stage, and overall, we also plan to do a subgroup analysis by age (<20, 20-30, 30-40, >40 years).
This is a qualitative synthesis and while subgroup analyses may be undertaken it is not possible to specify the groups in advance
Pre-clinical animal intervention reviews have a review question in the PICO format and concern pre-clinical testing of intervention(s) in animal models of disease. Animal model reviews aim to provide an overview of animal models for a certain health problem or disease (area) and do not investigate the efficacy of treatment. They may still have a PICO review question where the intervention is the induction of a disease model. Experimental animal exposure reviews have a review question in PECO format and concern the effect of exposure to certain compounds in experimental animals, e.g. safety studies in toxicology.
Select each country individually to add it to the list below, use the bin icon to remove any added in error. The entry will default to English if no other selection is made. For languages other than English, registrants are asked to indicate whether a summary or abstract will be made available in English.
Select the country in which the review is being carried out from the drop down list. For multi-national collaborations select all the countries involved.
List other places where the systematic review protocol is registered. The name of the organisation and any unique identification number assigned to the review by that organisation should be included.
Example: All Wales Systematic Review Register (AWSRR2 Sciaticax)
Give the citation and link for the published protocol, if there is one. This may be to an external site such as a journal or organisational website. Alternatively an unpublished protocol may be deposited with CRD in pdf format. A link to this will be automatically added.
Example: G.P.J. van Hout, S.J. Jansen of Lorkeers, K.E. Wever, E.S. Sena, W.W. van Solinge, P.A. Doevendans, G. Pasterkamp, S.A.J. Chamuleau and I.E. Hoefer. Anti-inflammatory compounds to reduce infarct size in large-animal models of myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis (pages 4–10). Version of Record online: 20 JAN 2015 | DOI: 10.1002/ebm2.4
Give brief details of plans for communicating essential messages from the review to the appropriate audiences. Any knowledge transfer or implementation activities beyond publication of the final report that are planned should be included.
Example: In addition to producing a report for the funders of this review, which will be made available free of charge on their website, a paper will be submitted to a leading journal in this field. Furthermore, should the findings of the review warrant a change in practice, a one page summary report will be prepared and sent to lead clinicians and healthcare professionals in the National Health Service.
Give words or phrases that best describe the review. Keywords will help users find the review in the Register. Be as specific and precise as possible. Avoid acronyms and abbreviations unless these are in wide use.
Information specialists at the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) will assign MeSH terms. When the review is published, NLM assigned MeSH terms will be added where these are available.
Example: Systematic review; meta-analysis; recurrence; survival; radiation; resectable; soft-tissue; sarcoma.
Give details of earlier versions of the systematic review if an update of an existing review is being registered, including full bibliographic reference if possible.
Example: This is an update of our earlier systematic review and is being undertaken in the light of the publication of significant new research. The citation for the existing review is Hypothermia in animal models of acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Van der Worp HB, Sena ES, Donnan GA, Howells DW, Macleod MR. Brain. 2007 Dec;130(Pt 12):3063-74.
Review status should be updated when the review is completed and when it is published
Select from drop down list to indicate the current status of the review:
Use the free text box to provide an explanation of the status of the review.
Example: Discontinued: This review has been abandoned as we have been unable to secure adequate funding to proceed.
Provide any other information the review team feel is relevant to the registration of the review.
Example: This review is being undertaken as part of the planning for a randomised trial to compare all different types of radiotherapy for localised, resectable soft-tissue sarcoma.
This field should be left empty until details of the completed review are available OR you have a link to a preprint.
Give the full citation for the preprint or final report or publication of the systematic review, including the URL where available.
This field may also be used to record the availability of an un-published final report, summary results etc.
Example: This review is being undertaken as part of the planning for a randomised trial to compare all different types of radiotherapy for localised, resectable soft-tissue sarcoma.